Cuba enfrenta un envejecimiento poblacional acelerado debido a la baja natalidad y la migración masiva

inmigracion, plan migratorio, visa, frontera, eeuu, Red Latina

2025-03-09

La población de la isla cae a 9.7 millones, la cifra más baja en décadas

<span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Cuba enfrenta un envejecimiento poblacional acelerado debido a la baja natalidad y la migración masiva<span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Cuba faces accelerated population aging due to low birth rates and mass migration<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Cuba está experimentando una de las mayores crisis demográficas de su historia reciente, con una población en descenso y un aumento significativo en el número de personas mayores de 60 años. En 2024, la isla registró la tasa de natalidad más baja desde la Revolución de 1959, con solo 71,000 nacimientos, marcando un declive alarmante en comparación con años anteriores.<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Cuba is experiencing one of the biggest demographic crises in its recent history, with a declining population and a significant increase in the number of people over 60 years old. In 2024, the island recorded the lowest birth rate since the 1959 Revolution, with only 71,000 births, marking an alarming decline compared to previous years.<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Según datos oficiales de la Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información de Cuba (ONEI), el país ha reducido su población a 9.7 millones de habitantes, lo que confirma la tendencia de envejecimiento que se ha venido agravando en la última década.<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">According to official data from the Cuban National Office of Statistics and Information (ONEI), the country has reduced its population to 9.7 million inhabitants, confirming the aging trend that has been worsening in the last decade.<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Este fenómeno es impulsado por dos factores clave: la baja natalidad y la emigración masiva de cubanos hacia otros países, principalmente Estados Unidos, España y otros países de América Latina.<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">This phenomenon is driven by two key factors: low birth rates and the mass emigration of Cubans to other countries, mainly the United States, Spain and other Latin American countries.

<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Factores detrás del descenso de la natalidad en Cuba<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Factors behind the decline in birth rates in Cuba<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Uno de los principales problemas que enfrenta Cuba es la disminución en la tasa de fertilidad, que actualmente se sitúa en 1.4 hijos por mujer, muy por debajo del nivel de reemplazo poblacional de 2.1 hijos por mujer.<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">One of the main problems facing Cuba is the decline in the fertility rate, which currently stands at 1.4 children per woman, well below the population replacement level of 2.1 children per woman.<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Las razones detrás de esta caída en la natalidad son múltiples:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">The reasons behind this drop in birth rates are multiple: <ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:disc;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Crisis económica profunda:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> La falta de recursos básicos, la escasez de alimentos y medicinas, y los bajos salarios han llevado a muchas parejas a posponer o renunciar a la idea de tener hijos.</li></ul><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Deep economic crisis: The lack of basic resources, the shortage of food and medicine, and low wages have led many couples to postpone or give up the idea of having children.<ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:disc;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Inseguridad sobre el futuro:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> La falta de oportunidades laborales y la incertidumbre sobre la situación política y económica del país han generado desconfianza en las nuevas generaciones.</li></ul><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Insecurity about the future: The lack of job opportunities and uncertainty about the country's political and economic situation have generated distrust in the new generations.<ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:disc;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Dificultades en la vivienda:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> Muchas familias jóvenes no pueden acceder a una vivienda propia, lo que desincentiva la formación de nuevos hogares.</li></ul><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Housing difficulties: Many young families cannot access their own home, which discourages the formation of new households.<ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:disc;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Éxodo de jóvenes en edad reproductiva<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">: La emigración masiva ha reducido la cantidad de mujeres en edad fértil, lo que impacta directamente en la tasa de natalidad.</li></ul><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Exodus of young people of reproductive age: Mass emigration has reduced the number of women of childbearing age, which directly impacts the birth rate.

<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Consecuencias del envejecimiento poblacional en Cuba<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Consequences of population aging in Cuba<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">El envejecimiento de la población cubana tendrá consecuencias significativas en diversas áreas del país, entre ellas:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">The aging of the Cuban population will have significant consequences in various areas of the country, including: <ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:decimal;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Colapso del sistema de pensiones:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> La reducción de la población activa y el aumento de personas mayores generan un problema en el sistema de pensiones, que ya enfrenta dificultades para garantizar pagos adecuados a los jubilados.</li></ol><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Collapse of the pension system: The reduction of the working population and the increase in older people generate a problem in the pension system, which already faces difficulties in guaranteeing adequate payments to retirees.<ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;" start="2"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:decimal;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Mayor presión sobre el sistema de salud:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> Con una población envejecida, la demanda de atención médica aumenta, lo que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad del sistema de salud pública.</li></ol><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Greater pressure on the health system: With an aging population, the demand for medical care increases, which puts the sustainability of the public health system at risk.<ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;" start="3"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:decimal;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Falta de mano de obra joven:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> Sectores clave como la agricultura, la construcción y los servicios se ven afectados por la escasez de trabajadores jóvenes.</li></ol><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Lack of young labor: Key sectors such as agriculture, construction and services are affected by the shortage of young workers.<ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;" start="4"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:decimal;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Desaceleración económica:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> Con menos personas en edad productiva, la economía cubana pierde dinamismo y enfrenta un crecimiento cada vez más limitado.</li></ol><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Economic slowdown: With fewer people of working age, the Cuban economy is losing dynamism and facing increasingly limited growth. <span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">¿Qué está haciendo el gobierno cubano para revertir la crisis?<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">What is the Cuban government doing to reverse the crisis?<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ante esta situación, el gobierno cubano ha implementado algunas medidas para intentar frenar la crisis demográfica, entre ellas:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Faced with this situation, the Cuban government has implemented some measures to try to stop the demographic crisis, including: <ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:disc;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Incentivos para la natalidad:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> Se han aprobado subsidios para madres con varios hijos, además de mejoras en el acceso a la vivienda y ayudas económicas para familias con niños pequeños.</li></ul><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Incentives for births: Subsidies have been approved for mothers with several children, in addition to improvements in access to housing and financial aid for families with small children.<ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:disc;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Facilidades para el regreso de emigrantes:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> En un intento por repoblar el país, se han ofrecido facilidades para que los cubanos en el exterior regresen y trabajen en Cuba. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los emigrantes sigue prefiriendo quedarse en el extranjero.</li></ul><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Facilities for the return of emigrants: In an attempt to repopulate the country, facilities have been offered for Cubans abroad to return and work in Cuba. However, the majority of emigrants continue to prefer to stay abroad.<ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:disc;font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Apertura a la inversión extranjera:<span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> Para generar empleo y evitar la fuga de jóvenes, el gobierno ha tratado de atraer inversión extranjera, aunque las restricciones económicas y políticas han limitado el éxito de estas iniciativas.</li></ul><span style="font-size:13.999999999999998pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#0000ff;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Opening to foreign investment: To generate employment and prevent the flight of young people, the government has tried to attract foreign investment, although economic and political restrictions have limited the success of these initiatives.

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Cuba enfrenta un envejecimiento poblacional acelerado debido a la baja natalidad y la migración masiva

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